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Class Schedule
and readings

Oct 15 Global Population Issues
Snarr & Snarr – Ch. 9

Oct 20 Hispanic Migration to the U.S.
‘The Hispanic Challenge’ Huntington (BB)
‘Responses to Huntington’ (BB)

Oct 22 Migrant Contract Workers
‘Gender, Class and Transnational Politics’ Rupert & Solomon (BB)

Oct 27 Women and Development/Micro-credit
Snarr & Snarr – Ch. 10
‘Millions for Millions’ Bruck (BB)

Oct 29 Globalization and Public Health
Snarr & Snarr – Ch. 12

Nov 3 Asia’s Rise?
‘Thing Again: Asia’s Rise’ Pei (BB)
‘The Next Asian Miracle’ Huang (BB)

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Oct 15 Global Population Issues
Snarr & Snarr - Ch. 9

Important Population Trends

1. Demographic transition in LDCs
• before modern health care and nutrition most socieites had high birth rates and high death rates
• Why high birth rates? Child social security
• better health care and nutrition leads to lower death rates
• after period of adjustment, birth rates begin to lower too
• correlation between status of women and fewer children
• growing population requires strong economic growth
2. Population pyramids
• political and economic effects of population pyramids:
• wide base (relatively large young population)
• inverted pyramid (relatively larger older population)
• Mathluhusian vs. Cornucopian perspectives
• Structural perspectives
• Global population growth rate slowing
• approximately 6.8 billion
• may level off around 10 billion 2050-2070
• unknown variables of economic growth, pandemics, etc
• China (1.3 billion) and India (1.1 billion) = nearly 40% of global population
• China's 'one child' policy
• India will surpass China in next few decades
• US population just over 300 million
• around 1% annual growth (comparatively low)
• 2/3 from 'natural growth'
• 1/3 from immigration
• Countries in Western Europe/Japan increasingly have problem of inverted population pyramid.
• low birth rate and increased life spans
• more years of state subsidized retirement
• migration a solution?
• LDC Rural --> Urban Migration
• growing number of mega-cities
• migration for opportunity, though not guaranteed

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Oct 20 Hispanic Migration to the U.S.

Migration and Globalization

1. People are on the move
• around 200 million migrants in the world today
• this is about 3% of the global population
2. Migration is concentrated in wealthy countries
   • approximately 78% of migrants are in 12% of countries
   • Skilled migrants are concentrated as well:
   • 50% in US
   • 85% in US, UK, France, Germany, Canada & Australia

3. Migration has only marginal effect on wages
• Studies in US and Europe show small (10%) to no effect
4. Migrant 'receiving' countries must be understood as
• countries of migration or not countries of migration
• US, Australia, NZ are Dollar
• liberal or not liberal
  • liberal countries are constrained by their political culture and commitment to human rights.
5. Enforement gap?
• wealthy countries have pattern of not enforcing migration laws.
• is this because they can't, or don't want to?

The Hispanic Challenge
Hunington argues that legal and illegal migration from Mexico is a 'threat to the US.
His evidence:

1. Contiguity
   • US/Mexico border is longest border between developed and less-developed countries.

2. Scale
• Mexicans represent 27.6% of the foreign-born population in the US (2^nd Chinese 4.9%, 3^rd Filipinos 4.3%)
3. Illegality
• estimates of approximately 5 million undocumented immigrants from Mexico in 2000.
4. Regional Concentration
• Mexican immigrants are highly concentrated in US South-West (border states). Other Hispanic concentrations in FL, Chicago, NY
5. Persistence
• Other waves of immigration peaked and then subsided, but no sign of that with Mexican immigration.
6. Historical Presence
• Mexicans and Mexican-Americans can assert historical claims to legitimate their presence in lands that were once Mexican and taken by force.

If Huntington is right, why is immigration a threat?

1. 'America was created by settlers who were White, British, and Protestant' giving the US Anglo-Protestant culture:
• individualism
• Protestant work ethic
• rule of law
2. accepting Mexican immigration means US will be 2 countries, with 2 languages and 2 cultures.
3. The Mexican culture, according to Huntington:
• is less interested in educational achievement
• is fatalist, and by implication less hard working
• resists assimilation and loyalty to the US

Critiques?

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Oct 22 Migrant Contract Workers

1. Globalization and migration
2. Remittances
• migration and remittances
• A stable source of finance
• balance of payments, debt, and private finance
3. The case of the Philippines
• Creation of labor-export regime
• State institutions of migration
• 'New Heroes of the Nation'
• The Philippine model for other states?
• Asia
• Latin America
4. Deterrititorialization of the Philippine State
• Global economy
• Global polity
• foreign policy and migration
5. Other migration issues
• flexible citizenships
• nativist backlash
• New politics of citizenship
6. Gender and Migration
• domestic workers
• women and low-wage work in LDCs
• earning money gives them more power in the home, encourages them to challenge their social norms

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Oct 27 Women and Development/Micro-credit

Why does gender matter for development?

1. First, let's think about development
• tendency to think development = GDP growth
• Sen's _{(Human Development Index)} take: development = freedom
2. Women in LDCs have been excluded from development
   • most LDCs have patriarchal systems where only men can conduct business, deal with outsiders, etc.
   • development policies have often missed women who do majority of work at home and in agriculture

3. Women have specialized knowledge vital to development
• health maintenance for family
• food production and acquisition
• maintenance of water and fuel resources
• maintenance of household and kinship relationships>
4. Women, on average, do a better job of deciding how to spend income

...to see this more clearly, let's think about micro-credit as a case study of these ideas.

Micro-credit and Micro-finance

What is micro-credit?

• small loans to (poor> people without collateral.
• begins with Muhammad Yunus in 1976
• Grameen bank established in 1983
• at least two models of micro-credit:

Social (Yunus) model

• sees micro-credit as key to 'ending poverty'
• usually includes social goals
• emphasizes loans to women
• micro-credit is a tool, not a 'business'

Commercial (Omidyar) model: _{ephasizing market}

• sees micro-credit as empowering of poor people
• primary goal is for-profit sustainability _{otherwise aid}
• emphasizes power of markets to offer opportunity
• micro-credit is a business, not a social program

Why Women?

• Women are the best 'poverty fighters'
• spend extra income on children, education, health
• more likely to reinvest money
• more likely to endorse goal of smaller families
• women and markets
• most LDCs very patriarchal societies
• women gain standing through business/wage labor
• women in US gained social standing this way
• development studies suggest improvement in standing of women correlated with development goals

Micro-credit hasn't ended poverty, but has helped development.

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Oct 29 Globalization and Public Health

Millennium Development Goals
MDGs established at UN in 2000 with target date of 2015

Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education
Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women
Goal 4: Reduce child mortality
Goal 5: Improve maternal health
Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and other diseases
Goal 7: Ensure environmental stability
Goal 8: Develop global partnership for development

WHO (World Health Oorginization) definition of health:

a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

Undernutrition & Overnutrituion

• undernutrition common among poorest in LDCs
• undernutrition in children leads to lifelong consequences
• childhood development
• Sen's argument about famine
• There's never been a famine in a democratic country
• Lack of purchasing power among the poor
• overnutrition leads to "disease of affluence"

Infectious diseases

1. Smallpox
• completely eradicated from the earth
• serves as an example of what is possible in global health
2. HIV/AIDS
• approximately 35 million people are infected
• global disease but high levels in sub-Saharan Africa
• ARV drugs available but expensive (about 1$/day)
3. Malaria
• affects tropical regions
• no cure or vaccine but Gates foundation has invested heavily in treatment and eradication research (approximately $1.2 billion)
• bednets very effective but challenge in distribution
4. Tuberculosis (not in textbook)
• latent form is an infection that is successfully fought off by the body (80% in Asia/Africa, 10% in US)
• around 1 in 10 cases leads to serious illness that can be treated with antibiotics
• poor completion rates of drug coarses have resulted in rise of drug-resistant TB
• DOTS therapy developed by partners in Health (Paul Farmer)

Pharmaceuticals and Public Health

• undeniable that pharmaceuticals innovation saves lives
• however, there are perverse affects of for-profit drugs
• desire in LDCs don't get attention
• new "diseases" found in wealthy countries

Medical Brain Drain and Public Health

• brain drain is a serious problem in LDCs
• large countries like India & China seem to be OK
• small countries have very high brain drain rates
• Jamaica
• medical brain drain when doctors and nurses emigrate
• this is a significant problem in LDCs
• often made worse by targeted aid programs (stovepiping)
• What can be done about this?
  1. bonding
  2. Bhagwati tah- Representation with taxiation. People who leave to go to other countries must continue to pay tax to their home country, this money helps to pay for education for new medical staff
     
  3. community Health workers- training people to have a basic health care knowledge
     

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Nov 3 Asia’s Rise?

China and India

Both countries key players in contemporary globalization

• populations China = 1.3 billion, India = 1.1 billion
• rapid economic growth after liberalization
• both have great potential, huge challenges ahead
• both nuclear powers, China permanent member of SC at UN

China
Colonized/controlled by Western powers until WWII
Communist party rules, but increasingly a market economy
Deng reforms/opening in 1978

• Special Economic Zones
• manufacturer for the world (now)
• internal rural to urban migration
• massive dollar reserves and dollar denominated assets
• undervalued Yuan an ongoing issue

Challenges for China

• 'iron rice bowl' is gone, legitimacy for CCP an issue
  • Communist era
• Huang's arguments about reform/democracy
• a lot of browth sincle liberalization
• need to 'move up' value added ladder
• staggering levels of corruption
• growing inequality of both income and rural-urban divide
• increasing inequality in provision of health care/education
• education system good, but lacking in 'critical thinking'
• large number of bad loans in banking sector
• hungry for fuel and resources

India
Former British colony, now worlds largest democracy

• achieved independence in 1947
• partition into India & Pakistan (then Bangledesh)
• ruled by Congress party currently (BJP 1998-2004)

  Nehru-I. Gandhi-R Gandhi-(Sonia Gandhi)

• statist, planned economy until economy until economic reforms of 1991
• incredible success in software/IT/Outsourcing
• world's third largest Muslim country, very diverse

Challenges for India

• unable to offer universal health care/education
• Sen's thesis on China's success
  • CCP increased literacy a lot; made basic literacy universal
• massive infrastructure problems in energy and water
• only part of country is “Shining India”
• similar equality issues as China
• remnants of 'lisence Raj' require reform
  Incredible bureaucracy

Asian Security Issues

1. Taiwan
2. China's 'peaceful rise'
3. N. Korea nuclear question
4. India's regional ambitions
5. U.S. Security guarantees to Japan, S. Korea
   • containment of China

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Nov 10 Globalization & the Environment?

1. Our perspective on the environment as determined by culture
    a. many cultures view humans as one element in an interdependent system
    b. Steger argues "Judeo-Christian humanist" culture places humans as center; view nature instrumentally
    c. Steger points also to capitalism and culture industry as promoting limitless accumulation
    d. Also argues the we have to face up to interdependence of humans with environment
        -Although we are part of an ecosystem, the world will survive in any state, we may not
2. More about the environment
    a. Pop. explosion puts pressure on resources and causes demographic shifts
         -Spread of human settlements. All animals fall into a cycle of natural balance, but humans don't have resistance to its development
    b. Intense pressure on environment from wealthy countries
        -US is 6% of global population yet consumes 30-40% of resources
        -Economies demand more consumption --> evironment vs. economy trade-off?
        -Conservatives argue that Global Warming isn't an issue
        -Democrats believe that they can create GREEN jobs and adjust to changing global climates
        -Possible way to limit consumption -> charge more for energy, force people to waste less by paying for utilities and energy
3. Steger concludes that a lack of enforecements make agreements ineffective

            Renewable Resources- trees, bears, snakes, polar bears, rattlesnakes, agricultural goods
            Non-renewable ones  - oil, natural gas, certain minerals (we have the ability to manufacture other minerals)

            Boundary Resources- timber, oil, natural gas (usually)
            Transboundary ones - fish, water, air, fish,
*Resource conflicts are more likely when the resource is non-renewable or transboundary
1. Non-Renewable Conflict- OIL
    a. we could be experiencing a new "oil shock"
    b. much depends on the recovery from the current crisis
    c. Demand is driven by US/China/India
    d. supply driven by conflict in Iraq, stability issues elsewhere
    e. Oil is increasingly smaller % of GDP but still crucial
    f. Deman doesn't seem very "elastic" in US
        -"elastic," we haven't much changed out oil consumption bc we are unable to make such a drastic change in our way of living
        -1973- oil shock, OPEC raises prices, shock to economic system--> led to inflation in global economy
        -if consumption levels return to how it was pre-crisis, expect gas prices to go up, way up, like...so high, I'm talkin' $5 or $6.
        -Global Oil Market. These markets are so interconnected that if one area's prices rise, others' will as well because others will want to
          export to that area to get those higher prices
        -Implementing a Carbon Tax to use natural resources may help reduce usuage but would be a politcally stupid decision.
            -but replacing certain taxes now with these resource-restricting taxes would help

2. Transboundary Conflict- WATER
    a.